Ecotoxicology: The Challenges for the 21st Century
نویسنده
چکیده
The usual procedures for ecological risk assessment (ERA) have been based for decades on simplified approaches in order to provide basic information on the huge amount of chemicals introduced into the environment. These approaches allowed the development of international regulatory tools capable of substantially reducing the adverse effects on ecosystems in developed countries. Nevertheless, these approaches suffer from a lack of ecological realism and are poorly suitable for understanding the actual consequences for ecosystem health. The need for more ecologically-based approaches is now recognized by the scientific community and has been highlighted by a recent document of the European Commission. In this paper, a synthesis is presented of the most important issues and the need for research to improve the ecological realism of exposure and effect assessment and the tools that should be developed to reach this objective. In particular, the major challenges are the following: the effects of variable exposure patterns; the vulnerability of ecosystems; the indirect ecological effects; the responses to multiple stress factors; the improvement of ecological modeling. The possibilities for using new scientific achievements in regulatory ERA are also discussed.
منابع مشابه
Medical Education in 21st-century
Medical education play an important role in health of people in 20st-century, but this system has to change overtime. Medical education must respond to not only the demand of community at larg but also to changing in new technologies. Medical education have been criticized in last two decades of 20st-century, because of producing too many specialists focus on treatment instead of health, insuf...
متن کاملمراقبت های بهداشتی اوَلیَه (PHC) همچنان راهبردی برای گسترش عدالت در سلامت
Introduction: The impact of PHC in providing and extending equity is valuable. To present the PHC role in health system, and providing some approaches to deal with its related challenges. Literature review: Alma Ata declaration is a valid document for defining principles and bases of PHC. In 1987 the PHC was accepted as a major key to achievement for Health For All (HFA)by the year 2000.But the...
متن کاملManagement Accounting Education for the 21st Century Firms
Management accounting has become a subject of hot debates over the last four decades and has undergone a major transformation. It is argued that traditional management accounting roles have either disappeared or been changed. The debate is based on the belief that roles of ‘Management Accountants’ require new forms of education and training, with more emphasis on the practicality of the subjec...
متن کامل